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1: In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim. 2001 Jun;37(6):322-9.

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Hemolymph analysis and evaluation of newly formulated media for culture of shrimp cells (Penaeus stylirostris).

Shimizu C, Shike H, Klimpel KR, Burns JC.

Department of Pediatrics, UCSD School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla 92093-0830, USA.

Creation of a shrimp cell line has been an elusive goal. This failure may be due to the composition of the cell culture medium, which may be inadequate to support primary cultured cells. Shrimp hemolymph should contain the nutritional components needed to support cell growth and division. We report here the comprehensive biochemical analysis of hemolymph from the blue shrimp, Penaeus stylirostris (Litopenaeus stylirostris) (see Holthuis, L. B. Shrimps and prawns of the world, in: FAO species catalog. Vol. 1. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations; 1980), for free amino acids (FAAs), carbohydrates, electrolytes, metals, pH, and osmolality. Levels of hemolymph components were compared to 2xL-15 with 20% fetal bovine serum, a commonly used culture medium for crustacean cells. The FAAs, taurine and proline, and the metals, strontium and zinc, were significantly higher in hemolymph than in the 2 x L-15 medium. In contrast, other FAAs were up to 50 times higher in the 2 x L-15 medium than in the hemolymph. To mimic more closely the hemolymph composition, we created two new media based on either the 0.2 x L-15 or the M199 medium. We compared the microscopic appearance of cells cultured in these media and evaluated deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and protein synthesis by 3H-thymidine uptake and 35S-methionine uptake assays. The ovary cells of P. stylirostris cultured in either of the new media formed monolayers, while the cells cultured in 2 x L-15 medium did not. Despite these differences, there was no evidence of sustained DNA or protein synthesis with any of the media. Future studies to establish a shrimp cell line should focus on analysis of the cell cycle and on overcoming the molecular blocks to cell division.

1: Methods Cell Sci. 1999;21(4):237-44.

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Primary culture of lymphoid organ cells and haemocytes of kuruma shrimp, Penaeus japonicus.

Itami T, Maeda M, Kondo M, Takahashi Y.

Department of Applied Aquabiology, National Fisheries University, Shimonoseki, Yamaguchi 759-6595, Japan. itamit@fish-u-ac.jp

A primary cell culture system was developed for the cells of lymphoid organ tissue of kuruma shrimp, Penaeus japonicus. Minced tissues of lymphoid organs were seeded and incubated at 30 degrees C in medium 199 supplemented with 20% foetal bovine serum, a salt mixture and a lactalbumin hydrolysate (0.1 g/l). Fibroblast-like cells and epithelioid-like cells survived for 54 days. Cells did not survive after trypsin, collagenase or hyaluronidase treatment used for cell dissociation. Mitogens (Con A, PHA-P, Pokeweed) and insulin did not enhance cell proliferation. When penaeid rod-shaped DNA virus (PRDV) was inoculated into the lymphoid organ cell culture, a cytopathic effect was observed within 8 days. On the other hand, large granular haemocytes that were fractionated using a Percoll continuous density gradient were not infected with PRDV in vitro within 10 days, which was the longest period of haemocyte maintenance.

1: J Virol Methods. 1995 Mar;52(1-2):231-6.

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Development of a quantal assay in primary shrimp cell culture for yellow head baculovirus (YBV) of penaeid shrimp.

Lu Y, Tapay LM, Loh PC, Brock JA, Gose R.

Department of Microbiology, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu 96822, USA.

A 50% tissue culture infectious dose assay (TCID50) using primary culture of shrimp lymphoid organ (Oka) cells was developed for the quantitative titration of yellow-head baculovirus (YBV), a newly isolated virus of penaeid shrimp. The assay protocol includes the use of Primaria-grade 96-well tissue culture plates to grow the primary lymphoid organ cells of penaeid shrimp. A 15% gill suspension from YBV-infected shrimp was determined to have an infectious virus titer of 5 x 10(5.75) TCID50/ml. This report represents the first convenient assay protocol using cell culture derived from penaeid shrimp to titer a shrimp virus.

1: J Virol Methods. 1997 Feb;64(1):37-41.

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Development of an in vitro quantal assay in primary cell cultures for a non-occluded baculo-like virus of penaeid shrimp.

Tapay LM, Lu Y, Gose RB, Nadala EC Jr, Brock JA, Loh PC.

Department of Microbiology, University of Hawaii-Manoa, Honolulu 96822, USA.

An in vitro quantal assay (TCID50) for a non-occluded baculo-like virus isolate from naturally infected Penaeus japonicus obtained from China and experimentally infected P. stylirostris was developed using primary shrimp lymphoid cell cultures in Primaria 24-well tissue culture plates. The virus caused cytopathogenic effect (CPE) in the cell cultures as early as 2 day post-infection (p.i.). Initially, the cells rounded up and finally detached from the culture vessel as the infection progressed. At the present time, there is no established quantitative in vitro cell culture protocol for the assay of this baculo-like virus which has been reported by our laboratory to be highly pathogenic for P. stylirostris and P. vannamei, the two species of penaeid shrimp commercially cultured in Hawaii and the Western hemisphere. This quantal assay thus provides a simple and convenient method for the detection and assay of infectious virus in cultured penaeid shrimp.

PMID: 9029528 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

1: Methods Cell Sci. 1999;21(4):193-8.

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Crustacean primary cell culture: A technical approach.

Toullec JY.

Laboratoire Signaux Endocrines et Toxines d'Invertebres, ENS CNRS-EP2028, 46 rue d'Ulm, 75230 Paris cedex 05, France. toullec@wotan.ens.fr

Crustacean cell culture has gained attention as a potent model to assist in the development of diagnostic reagents and probes for use in the shrimp, crayfish and lobster industries. The availability of such cellular tools is especially important to industries which use intensive aquaculture methods and thus have increased risk of disease problems. Indeed, crustacean cell cultures offer potential for studying the effects of pathogens in vitro and for increasing our knowledge on developmental and sexual maturation processes, or endocrine regulation in crustaceans. Although numerous attempts have been undertaken, no established cell line of marine crustaceans has been reported to date. However, primary cultures obtained from various organ sources are reported with increasing frequency. They represent the first steps towards the establishment of cell lines and they provide useful information concerning the most suitable cell culture conditions involved in the survival and proliferative capacity of the various tissues.

PMID: 10627671 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

1: Methods Cell Sci. 1999;21(4):193-8.

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1: Methods Cell Sci. 1999;21(4):231-5.

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Progress in the development of shrimp cell cultures in Thailand.

Kasornchandra J, Khongpradit R, Ekpanithanpong U, Boonyaratpalin S.

Marine Shrimp Research and Development Center, Tumbol Pawong, A. Muang, Songkhla 90100, Thailand. kasornj@hadyai.loxinfo.co.th

Primary shrimp cell cultures were developed from lymphoid organ and ovaries of black tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon, in double-strength Leibovitz's L-15 medium supplemented with 15% fetal bovine serum, 1% glucose, 5 g/L NaCl, 15% shrimp meat extract. The optimum conditions for primary culture in vitro were obtained in L-15 medium with an osmolality of approximately 730 +/- 10 mmol/kg, a temperature range of 25--28 degrees C and incubation in a normal atmosphere. However, basal medium supplemented with 0.01% cholesterol could enhance good growth and cells performance initiated from lymphoid organ. Both epithelial-like and fibroblastic- like cells were observed from those organs within 2 days incubation. Within 3 days, 80% confluent monolayers were obtained from the lymphoid organ while cultures from other tissues required 5 days. Cultures were maintained for at least 43 days. Only cells from lymphoid organ could be subcultured and confluent monolayers achieved within 10 days post-spilt. Healthy cultures of the lymphoid cells did not persist beyond the third passage. Application of these primary shrimp cell cultures for studying pathogenic viruses of shrimp in vitro will be discussed.

PMID: 10627677 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

1: Sheng Wu Gong Cheng Xue Bao. 2000 Mar;16(2):221-4.

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[Multiplication of the shrimp baculovirus HHNBV with primary cell cultures from lymphoid organ of Penaeus chinensis]

[Article in Chinese]

Miao HZ, Tong SL, Xu B, Jiang M, Liu XY.

College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of Qingdao.

The hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis baculovirus HHNBV has been confirmed to be the causative agent for the explosive epidermic disease of farmed shrimp Penaeus chinensis since 1993. The virus was isolated and multiplied successfully in the primary cell cultures from the lymphoid organ of the shrimp. A cell monolayer was formed in three days in the medium MPS and could be maintained for 1-3 months as the medium replaced every 4-5 days. The cytopathic effect occurred in 5 days after inoculation of the tissue extract from the diseased shrimp. The transmission electron microscopy showed many rod-shaped virions of HHNBV in the nuclei of infected cells.

PMID: 10976332 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

1: Fish Shellfish Immunol. 2000 Aug;10(6):515-30.

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Characterisation of different morphological features of black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) haemocytes using monoclonal antibodies.

van de Braak CB, Taverne N, Botterblom MH, van der Knaap WP, Rombout JH.

Fish Culture and Fisheries Group, Wageningen, The Netherlands. karin.vandebraak@alg.venv.wau.nl

Monoclonal antibodies (mabs) specific for Penaeus monodon haemocytes were produced by immunising mice with membrane lysates of shrimp haemocytes. Four mabs (WSH 6, WSH 7, WSH 8 and WSH 16) were characterised using flow cytometry, light microscopy, laser scanning microscopy, electron microscopy and immunoprecipitation. WSH 6 recognised a carbohydrate determinant on an 85 kDa molecule. WSH 7, WSH 8 and WSH 16 recognised 50, 35 and 115 kDa molecules, respectively. For all mabs, differences in amount and intensity of the labelling were found when haemocytes were fixed immediately in 2% formaldehyde in Alsever's Solution (AS), compared with non-fixed haemocytes that were kept in AS (which reduced activation of the haemocytes) or in L15 cell culture medium. WSH 6 reacted with the cell membranes of all fixed haemocytes, while WSH 7 and WSH 16 reacted with the cell membranes of >80% of fixed haemocytes. The membrane labelling appeared to decrease when cells were kept in L15 medium. WSH 8 did not react with the haemocyte membranes. All mabs reacted with some granules, mainly present in the hyaline cells, when the haemocytes were immediately fixed. When non-fixed cells were kept in AS and in L15 medium, positive granules were also observed in semigranular and granular haemocytes as well as in the largest granules of a fourth cell type, that contains many granules of different size and electron density. Immunoreactive extracellular thread-like material could be observed in cells in L15 medium. The change in staining pattern was extreme for WSH 8, somewhat less for WSH 6 and WSH 7 and the lowest for WSH 16. Double labelling revealed that all mabs showed a different staining pattern on membranes as well as on granules. WSH 16 also showed labelling in cytoplasmic vesicles, as well as in haemolymph plasma on histological sections. The hypothesis is put forward that immunoreactive molecules recognised by these mabs, are related to haemocyte activation factors.

PMID: 11016586 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

1: J Gen Virol. 2003 Sep;84(Pt 9):2545-53.

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A phage-displayed peptide can inhibit infection by white spot syndrome virus of shrimp.

Yi G, Qian J, Wang Z, Qi Y.

Department of Virology, College of Life Science, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430072, PR China.

White spot disease, caused by white spot syndrome virus (WSSV), results in devastating losses to the shrimp farming industry around the world, and no effective treatments have been found. Control focuses on exclusion of the virus from culture ponds but, once introduced, spread is often rapid and uncontrollable. The purpose of this study was to select a phage-displayed peptide that might be able to prevent WSSV infection. A 10-mer phage display peptide library (titre 7.2 x 10(7)) was constructed and screened against immobilized WSSV. Selected peptides were assessed for specificity and efficiency of inhibition of virus infection. Of four peptides that specifically bound to WSSV one, designated 2E6, had a high specificity and blocked virus infection, with the possible critical motif for virus inhibition being VAVNNSY. The results suggest that peptide 2E6 has potential for exploitation as an antiviral peptide drug.

PMID: 12917476 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

1: Antiviral Res. 2004 Feb;61(2):93-9.

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Antiviral properties of hemocyanin isolated from shrimp Penaeus monodon.

Zhang X, Huang C, Qin Q.

Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetic Resources, The Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, 361005, Xiamen, PR China.

Penaeid shrimp aquaculture has suffered from many diseases, especially from viral origin such as white spot syndrome virus (WSSV). In an attempt to obtain antiviral-relevant proteins, two peptides with molecular masses at 73 and 75kDa were isolated from shrimp Penaeus monodon using affinity chromatography coupled with the purified WSSV or a fish iridovirus (Singapore grouper iridovirus, SGIV), and identified as hemocyanin by mass spectrometry. The results, using fish viruses capable of cell culture, showed for the first time that the hemocyanin had non-specific antiviral properties and no cytotoxicity against host cells.

PMID: 14670582 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

J Virol Methods. 2004 Mar 1;116(1):89-94.

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Replication of white spot syndrome virus in ovarian primary cultures from the kuruma shrimp, Marsupenaeus japonicus.

Maeda M, Saitoh H, Mizuki E, Itami T, Ohba M.

Kyushu Medical Co Ltd, Kurume Research Center Building, 2432-3 Aikawa, Kurume, Fukuoka 839-0861, Japan. maeda-bio@ceres.ocn.ne.jp

Propagation of white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) was investigated in primary ovarian cultures from the kuruma shrimp Marsupenaeus japonicus. A WSSV strain, purified by sucrose density gradient centrifugation, was inoculated into 10-day-old primary ovarian cultures. WSSV infection induced marked cytopathic effect (CPE) on primary ovarian cells. Initially, virus-infected cells began to shrink 72 h post-inoculation, followed by the rounding of most cells which detached finally from flask surface. Electron microscopic observations clearly showed that the replication of WSSV occurred in nuclei of ovarian cells. Immunoblot analysis with antibodies against the WSSV envelope protein VP28 provided the evidence that the levels of WSSV antigens in culture supernatant gradually increased during the period between 24 and 120 h after virus inoculation. The results suggest that the use of primary ovarian cultures of the kuruma shrimp will facilitate characterization of the WSSV infection.

PMID: 14715311 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Items 1-17 of 17

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1:	Maeda M, Saitoh H, Mizuki E, Itami T, Ohba M.	Related Articles, Links
	Replication of white spot syndrome virus in ovarian primary cultures from the kuruma shrimp, Marsupenaeus japonicus. J Virol Methods. 2004 Mar 1;116(1):89-94. PMID: 14715311 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

2:	Zhang X, Huang C, Qin Q.	Related Articles, Links
	Antiviral properties of hemocyanin isolated from shrimp Penaeus monodon. Antiviral Res. 2004 Feb;61(2):93-9. PMID: 14670582 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

3:	Yi G, Qian J, Wang Z, Qi Y.	Related Articles, Links
	A phage-displayed peptide can inhibit infection by white spot syndrome virus of shrimp. J Gen Virol. 2003 Sep;84(Pt 9):2545-53. PMID: 12917476 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

4:	Gul HI, Gul M, Hanninen O.	Related Articles, Links
	Cytotoxic activities of some mono and bis Mannich bases derived from acetophenone in brine shrimp bioassay. Arzneimittelforschung. 2002;52(11):840-3. PMID: 12489256 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

5:	Chang KC, Chuang NN.	Related Articles, Links
	GTPase stimulation in shrimp Ras(Q(61)K) with geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate but not mammalian GAP. J Exp Zool. 2001 Nov 1;290(6):642-51. PMID: 11748613 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

6:	Shimizu C, Shike H, Klimpel KR, Burns JC.	Related Articles, Links
	Hemolymph analysis and evaluation of newly formulated media for culture of shrimp cells (Penaeus stylirostris). In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim. 2001 Jun;37(6):322-9. PMID: 11515962 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

7:	Sukardiman, Darwanto A, Tanjung M, Darmadi MO.	Related Articles, Links
	Cytotoxic mechanism of flavonoid from Temu Kunci (Kaempferia pandurata) in cell culture of human mammary carcinoma. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc. 2000;23(2-4):185-90. PMID: 11321439 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

8:	van de Braak CB, Taverne N, Botterblom MH, van der Knaap WP, Rombout JH.	Related Articles, Links
	Characterisation of different morphological features of black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) haemocytes using monoclonal antibodies. Fish Shellfish Immunol. 2000 Aug;10(6):515-30. PMID: 11016586 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

9:	Miao HZ, Tong SL, Xu B, Jiang M, Liu XY.	Related Articles, Links
	[Multiplication of the shrimp baculovirus HHNBV with primary cell cultures from lymphoid organ of Penaeus chinensis] Sheng Wu Gong Cheng Xue Bao. 2000 Mar;16(2):221-4. Chinese. PMID: 10976332 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

10:	Itami T, Maeda M, Kondo M, Takahashi Y.	Related Articles, Links
	Primary culture of lymphoid organ cells and haemocytes of kuruma shrimp, Penaeus japonicus. Methods Cell Sci. 1999;21(4):237-44. PMID: 10627678 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

11:	Kasornchandra J, Khongpradit R, Ekpanithanpong U, Boonyaratpalin S.	Related Articles, Links
	Progress in the development of shrimp cell cultures in Thailand. Methods Cell Sci. 1999;21(4):231-5. PMID: 10627677 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

12:	Chen SN, Wang CS.	Related Articles, Links
	Establishment of cell culture systems from penaeid shrimp and their susceptibility to white spot disease and yellow head viruses. Methods Cell Sci. 1999;21(4):199-206. PMID: 10627672 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

13:	Toullec JY.	Related Articles, Links
	Crustacean primary cell culture: A technical approach. Methods Cell Sci. 1999;21(4):193-8. PMID: 10627671 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

14:	Tapay LM, Lu Y, Gose RB, Nadala EC Jr, Brock JA, Loh PC.	Related Articles, Links
	Development of an in vitro quantal assay in primary cell cultures for a non-occluded baculo-like virus of penaeid shrimp. J Virol Methods. 1997 Feb;64(1):37-41. PMID: 9029528 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

15:	Lu Y, Tapay LM, Loh PC, Brock JA, Gose R.	Related Articles, Links
	Development of a quantal assay in primary shrimp cell culture for yellow head baculovirus (YBV) of penaeid shrimp. J Virol Methods. 1995 Mar;52(1-2):231-6. PMID: 7769036 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

16:	Zhao GX, Jung JH, Smith DL, Wood KV, McLaughlin JL.	Related Articles, Links
	Cytotoxic clerodane diterpenes from Polyalthia longifolia. Planta Med. 1991 Aug;57(4):380-3. PMID: 1775582 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

17:	Loh PC, Lu Y, Brock JA.	Related Articles, Links
	Growth of the penaeid shrimp virus infectious hypodermal and hematopoietic necrosis virus in a fish cell line. J Virol Methods. 1990 Jun;28(3):273-80. PMID: 2117021 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Items 1-20 of 117

of 6

1:	Maeda M, Saitoh H, Mizuki E, Itami T, Ohba M.	Related Articles, Links
	Replication of white spot syndrome virus in ovarian primary cultures from the kuruma shrimp, Marsupenaeus japonicus. J Virol Methods. 2004 Mar 1;116(1):89-94. PMID: 14715311 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

2:	van Hulten MC, Witteveldt J, Snippe M, Vlak JM.	Related Articles, Links
	White spot syndrome virus envelope protein VP28 is involved in the systemic infection of shrimp. Virology. 2001 Jul 5;285(2):228-33. PMID: 11437657 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

3:	Wu JL, Muroga K.	Related Articles, Links
	Apoptosis does not play an important role in the resistance of 'immune' Penaeus japonicus against white spot syndrome virus. J Fish Dis. 2004 Jan;27(1):15-21. PMID: 14986935 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

4:	Okumura T, Nagai F, Yamamoto S, Yamano K, Oseko N, Lnouye K, Oomura H, Sawada H.	Related Articles, Links
	Detection of white spot syndrome virus from stomach tissue homogenate of the kuruma shrimp (Penaeus japonicus) by reverse passive latex agglutination. J Virol Methods. 2004 Jul;119(1):11-6. PMID: 15109815 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

5:	Witteveldt J, Cifuentes CC, Vlak JM, van Hulten MC.	Related Articles, Links
	Protection of Penaeus monodon against white spot syndrome virus by oral vaccination. J Virol. 2004 Feb;78(4):2057-61. PMID: 14747570 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

6:	You Z, Nadala EC Jr, Yang J, van Hulten MC, Loh PC.	Related Articles, Links
	Production of polyclonal antiserum specific to the 27.5 kDa envelope protein of white spot syndrome virus. Dis Aquat Organ. 2002 Aug 15;51(1):77-80. PMID: 12240973 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

7:	van de Braak CB, Botterblom MH, Huisman EA, Rombout JH, van der Knaap WP.	Related Articles, Links
	Preliminary study on haemocyte response to white spot syndrome virus infection in black tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon. Dis Aquat Organ. 2002 Aug 29;51(2):149-55. PMID: 12363087 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

8:	Wang YG, Hassan MD, Shariff M, Zamri SM, Chen X.	Related Articles, Links
	Histopathology and cytopathology of white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) in cultured Penaeus monodon from peninsular Malaysia with emphasis on pathogenesis and the mechanism of white spot formation. Dis Aquat Organ. 1999 Dec 22;39(1):1-11. PMID: 11407399 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

9:	Liu W, Wang YT, Tian DS, Yin ZC, Kwang J.	Related Articles, Links
	Detection of white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) of shrimp by means of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) specific to an envelope protein (28 kDa). Dis Aquat Organ. 2002 Apr 24;49(1):11-8. PMID: 12093036 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

10:	Dhar AK, Dettori A, Roux MM, Klimpel KR, Read B.	Related Articles, Links
	Identification of differentially expressed genes in shrimp (Penaeus stylirostris) infected with White spot syndrome virus by cDNA microarrays. Arch Virol. 2003 Dec;148(12):2381-96. Epub 2003 Oct 09. PMID: 14648293 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

11:	Zhang X, Huang C, Xu X, Hew CL.	Related Articles, Links
	Identification and localization of a prawn white spot syndrome virus gene that encodes an envelope protein. J Gen Virol. 2002 May;83(Pt 5):1069-74. PMID: 11961261 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

12:	Sahtout AH, Hassan MD, Shariff M.	Related Articles, Links
	DNA fragmentation, an indicator of apoptosis, in cultured black tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon infected with white spot syndrome virus (WSSV). Dis Aquat Organ. 2001 Mar 9;44(2):155-9. PMID: 11324818 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

13:	Dai H, Gao H, Zhao X, Dai L, Zhang X, Xiao N, Zhao R, Hemmingsen SM.	Related Articles, Links
	Construction and characterization of a novel recombinant single-chain variable fragment antibody against White Spot Syndrome Virus from shrimp. J Immunol Methods. 2003 Aug;279(1-2):267-75. PMID: 12969566 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

14:	Magbanua FO, Natividad KT, Migo VP, Alfafara CG, de la Pena FO, Miranda RO, Albaladejo JD, Nadala EC Jr, Loh PC, Mahilum-Tapay L.	Related Articles, Links
	White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) in cultured Penaeus monodon in the Philippines. Dis Aquat Organ. 2000 Aug 10;42(1):77-82. PMID: 10986648 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

15:	van Hulten MC, Westenberg M, Goodall SD, Vlak JM.	Related Articles, Links
	Identification of two major virion protein genes of white spot syndrome virus of shrimp. Virology. 2000 Jan 20;266(2):227-36. PMID: 10639309 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

16:	Granja CB, Aranguren LF, Vidal OM, Aragon L, Salazar M.	Related Articles, Links
	Does hyperthermia increase apoptosis in white spot syndrome virus (WSSV)-infected Litopenaeus vannamei? Dis Aquat Organ. 2003 Mar 17;54(1):73-8. PMID: 12718474 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

17:	Maeda M, Itami T, Mizuki E, Tanaka R, Yoshizu Y, Doi K, Yasunaga-Aoki C, Takahashi Y, Kawarabata T.	Related Articles, Links
	Red swamp crawfish (Procambarus clarkii): an alternative experimental host in the study of white spot syndrome virus. Acta Virol. 2000 Dec;44(6):371-4. PMID: 11332281 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

18:	Wongprasert K, Khanobdee K, Glunukarn SS, Meeratana P, Withyachumnarnkul B.	Related Articles, Links
	Time-course and levels of apoptosis in various tissues of black tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon infected with white-spot syndrome virus. Dis Aquat Organ. 2003 Jun 20;55(1):3-10. PMID: 12887248 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

19:	Kanchanaphum P, Wongteerasupaya C, Sitidilokratana N, Boonsaeng V, Panyim S, Tassanakajon A, Withyachumnarnkul B, Flegel TW.	Related Articles, Links
	Experimental transmission of white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) from crabs to shrimp Penaeus monodon. Dis Aquat Organ. 1998 Sep 11;34(1):1-7. PMID: 9789973 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

20:	Maeda M, Mizuki E, Itami T, Ohba M.	Related Articles, Links
	Ovarian primary tissue culture of the kuruma shrimp Marsupenaeus japonicus. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim. 2003 May-Jun;39(5-6):208-12. PMID: 14613332 [PubMed - in process]

Items 1-20 of 117